Policy Networks: Actors, Interests, and Power Relations in the Jakarta Bay Reclamation Project
Abstract
This case study seeks to understand the policy-making of the Jakarta bay reclamation project through the analytical lens of the policy networks. It posits that different policy networks would possibly produce or condition different policy outcomes in the project. The study uses a qualitative secondary data analysis. The study found: First, policy changes in the project, from initiation to implementation and finally termination, might be explained through the formation and transformation of different types of policy networks. Overall, the networks were characterized by fluctuating interactions among actors and the persistent power struggle between economic, environmental, and societal interests. Second, the networks’ type changes were possible due to two factors: (1) the political context of the 2017 gubernatorial election; and (2) the influences of environmental and societal ideas.
Studi kasus ini berupaya untuk memahami pembuatan kebijakan proyek reklamasi teluk Jakarta melalui lensa analitik policy networks. Studiiniberasumsi bahwa jenis policy networksyang berbeda mungkin akan menghasilkan atau mengkondisikan hasil kebijakan yang berbeda dalam proyektersebut. Hasil studi ini menemukanbeberapatemuan. Pertama, perubahan kebijakan dalam proyek, dari inisiasi hingga implementasi dan akhirnya penghentian, dapat dijelaskan melalui pembentukan dan transformasi berbagai jenis policy networks. Secara keseluruhan, networkstersebutditandai oleh interaksi yang berfluktuasi di antara para aktor dan perebutan kekuasaan yang terus-menerus antara kepentingan ekonomi dan lingkungan dan masyarakat. Kedua, perubahan jenis networks tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan oleh dua faktor: (1) konteks politik Pilgub 2017; dan (2) pengaruh gerakanpemikiran lingkungan dan sosial.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agung, Bintoro. (2018, June 13). Beda VisiAhokdanAniessoalReklamasiTeluk Jakarta. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180613173851-20-305939/beda-visi-ahok-dan-anies-soal-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta
Agung, Bintoro. (2018, June 1). Pengamat: FungsiPergubAniesuntukRancangPerdaReklamasi. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180614153040-20-306107/pengamat-fungsi-pergub-anies-untuk-rancang-perda-reklamasi
Andinni, AlfaniRoosy. (2016, April 13). Menteri Susi dan DPR SepakatHentikanReklamasi Jakarta. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160413204451-20-123794/menteri-susi-dan-dpr-sepakat-hentikan-reklamasi-jakarta
Ambari, M. (2017, May 8). PemerintahLanggarHukumLagidalamProyekReklamasiTeluk Jakarta? Mongabay. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/05/08/pemerintah-langgar-hukum-lagi-dalam-proyek-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta/
Arsyad, A. (2008). Coastal Reclamation Projects in Indonesia: The Weaknesses Which Lead to Severe Socio-Environmental Impacts. Proceedings International Conference on Environmental Research and Technology, UniversitiSains Malaysia, 426-429. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Coastal-reclamation-projects-in-Indonesia%3A-the-lead-Arsyad/7669ee472bbdeee642aacf16cc80e4c3d31e99f
Atkinson, Michael M. & Coleman, William D. (1992). Policy Networks, Policy Communities and the Problems of Governance. Governance 5 (2), 154-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.1992.tb00034.x
Azhar, M Sholahadhin. (2018, June 15). Anies: JanganBerimajinasiSoalReklamasi. Medcom.id. https://www.medcom.id/nasional/metro/nbw7Pd3b-anies-jangan-berimajinasi-soal-reklamasi
Bevir, Mark & Richards, David. (2009). Decentring Policy Networks: A Theoretical Agenda. Public Administration 87 (1), 3-14 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.01736.x
Bomberg, Elizabeth. (1998). Issue Networks and the Environment: Explaining European Union Environmental Policy. In David Marsh (Eds.), Comparing Policy Network, (pp. 167-184) Open University Press.
Börzel, Tanja. A. (2002). Organizing Babylon: On the different conceptions of policy networks. Public administration 76 (2), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00100
CNN Indonesia. (2018, September 26). Blak-blakanGubernurAniesSoalPencabutanIzinPulauReklamasi I Exclusive Interview [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCyRHYsWcLc
Colven, Emma. (2017). Understanding the Allure of Big Infrastructure: Jakarta’s Great Garuda Sea Wall Project. Water Alternatives 10 (2), 250-264. http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/articles/vol10/v10issue2/354-a10-2-4/file
Damarjati, Danu. (2018, June 13). KoalisiSelamatkanTeluk Jakarta KecamPergub BKP ReklamasiAnies. DetikNews. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4067111/koalisi-selamatkan-teluk-jakarta-kecam-pergub-bkp-reklamasi-anies
Daugbjerg, Carsten and Marsh, David. (1998). Explaining Policy Outcomes: Integrating the Policy Network Approach with Macro-Level and Micro-Level Analysis. In David Marsh (Eds.), Comparing Policy Network, (pp. 52-74) Open University Press.
Dowding, Keith. (1995). Model or Metaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy Network Approach. Political Studies 43 (1), 136-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01705.x
Dowding, K. (1995). Model or Metaphor? A Critical Review of the Policy Network Approach. Political Studies, 43(1), 136–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1995.tb01705.x
Elliott, H., & Squire, C. (2017). Narratives across Media as Ways of Knowing. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/ Forum: Qualitative Social Research 18 (1), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.1.2767
Fadhilah, UmiNur. (2016, July 27). PengamatSebut Rizal RamliDidepakkarenaTerkaitReklamasi. Republika. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/16/07/27/oayopi366-pengamat-sebut-rizal-ramli-didepak-karena-terkait-reklamasi
Fadhil, Haris. (2016, November 9). Anies-Sandi Janji Akan HentikanReklamasiTeluk Jakarta. Detiknews. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3341506/anies-sandi-janji-akan-hentikan-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta
Gabrillin, Abba. (2016, April 10). MenteriSiti: ReklamasiTeluk Jakarta HarusPerbaikiKajianDampakLingkungan. Kompas.com. https://nasional.kompas.com.com/read/2016/10/04/15470171/menteri.siti.reklamasi.teluk.jakarta.harus.perbaiki.kajian.dampak.lingkungan
George, Alexander L. and Bennett, Andrew. (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. MIT Press.
Hakim, Catherine. (2000). Research Design. Routledge.
Harahap, Riza. (2016, July 28). Peneliti: Pencopotan Rizal RamlikagetkanPublik. Antaranews. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/575454/peneliti-pencopotan-rizal-ramli-kagetkan-publik
Haas, Peter M. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination. International Organization 46 (1), 1-35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706951
Hay, Colin. (1998). The Tangled Webs We Weave: The Discourse, Strategy and Practice of Networking. In David Marsh (Eds.), Comparing Policy Network, (pp. 33-51) Open University Press.
Henaldi, Widi. (2018, October 9). HentikanReklamasiBernilaiRatusanTriliun, AniesSindir Cara KerjaAhok: Pakai Cara Koboy. Tribunnews. https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2018/10/09/hentikan-reklamasi-bernilai-ratusan-triliun-anies-sindir-cara-kerja-ahok-pakai-cara-koboy
Hidayat, Avit. (2016, April 15). Menteri Susi HentikanProyekReklamasiTeluk Jakarta. Tempo.co. https://nasional.tempo.co/read/762963/menteri-susi-hentikan-proyek-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta/full&view=ok
Hidayat, Avit. (2016, September 10). BeginiKritikWalhikepadaMenteriLuhuttentangReklamasi. Tempo.co. https://metro.tempo.co/read/803308/begini-kritik-walhi-kepada-menteri-luhut-tentang-reklamasi/full&view=ok
Himawan, Adhitya. (2016, October 22). InilahSejarahPanjangMegaproyekReklamasiTeluk Jakarta. Suara.com. https://www.suara.com/bisnis/2016/10/22/150106/inilah-sejarah-panjang-megaproyek-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta
Huda, Mas Alamil. (2016, October 20). Pak AniesJanganGusur Kamal MuaradanHentikanReklamasi. Republika. https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/ofbs3a382/pak-anies-jangan-gusur-kamal-muara-dan-hentikan-reklamasi
IPB University. (2018, July 16). The existence of Jakarta Bay is Important to Maintain. https://ipb.ac.id/news/index/2018/07/the-existence-of-jakarta-bay-is-important-to-maintain/8e835ec011ec0edfa90e016390dafd0e
Irianto, HariEko, Hartati, Sri Turni, &LilisSadiyah. (2017). Fisheries and Environmental Impacts in the Great Jakarta Bay Ecosystem. Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 23 (2), 69-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.23.2.2017.69-78
Junita, Nancy. (2017, October 24). ReklamasiTeluk Jakarta: Anies-Sandi vs Luhut.” Jakarta Bisnis. https://jakarta.bisnis.com/read/20171024/77/702416/reklamasi-teluk-jakarta-anies-sandi-vs-luhut
Kahler, M. (Ed.). (2009). Networked politics: Agency, Power, and Governance. Cornell University Press.
Karim, Muhamad. N.d.Pokok-PokokPikiranReklamasiTeluk Jakarta Dan PengelolaanPesisir Dan Laut Indonesia. (pp. 1- 4). https://acch.kpk.go.id/images/ragam/makalah/pdf/reklamasi/Pokok-pikiran-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta-dan-pengelolaan-pesisir-dan-laut-indonesia-muhamad-karim.pdf
KemaritimandanInvestasi. (2016, April 18). Rizal RamliPastikan Moratorium ProyekReklamasi. https://maritim.go.id/rizal-ramli-pastikan-moratorium-proyek-reklamasi/
KemaritimandanInvestasi. (2016, April 18). Rizal Ramli: ProyekReklamasiMemangBeresiko. https://maritim.go.id/rizal-ramli-proyek-reklamasi-memang-beresiko/
KemaritimandanInvestasi. (2016, Mei 4). Rizal RamliDengarAspirasiNelayanTeluk Jakarta.”. https://maritim.go.id/rizal-ramli-dengar-aspirasi-nelayan-teluk-jakarta-2/
KementerianLingkunganHidupdanKehutanan (KLHK). (2017). ReklamasiPantai Utara Jakarta. KementerianLingkunganHidupdanKehutanan.
Klijn, Erik‐Hans, Koppenjan, Joop&Termeer, Katrien. (1995). Managing Networks in the Public Sector: A Theoretical Study of Management Strategies in Policy Networks. Public Administration 73 (3), 437-454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1995.tb00837.x
KoalisiPakarInterdisiplin. (2017). SelamatkanTeluk Jakarta. Rujak Center for Urban Studies. https://www.bantuanhukum.or.id/web/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Makalah-Kebijakan-Selamatkan-Teluk-Jakarta.pdf
Kompas.com TV. (2016, April 30). Ahok: SecaraHukum, ReklamasiTidakBisaDihentikan [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0OSSzJXoGw
Kisby, Ben. (2007). Analysing Policy Networks: Towards an ideational approach. Policy Studies 28 (1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442870601121502
Kuwado, Fabian Januarius. (2017, July 11). LuhutIngatkanAniesBaswedanWajibLanjutkanReklamasi. Kompas.com. https://nasional.kompas.com.com/read/2017/07/11/21065841/luhut.ingatkan.anies.baswedan.wajib.lanjutkan.reklamasi
LembagaBantuanHukum (LBH) Jakarta. (2019, September 10). MemaknaiReklamasiTeluk Jakarta. https://www.bantuanhukum.or.id/web/memahami-proyek-reklamasi-telukjakarta/
Nailufar, Nibras Nada. (2018, November 27). PerkembanganPulauReklamasi di TanganGubernurAnies. Kompas.com. https://megapolitan.kompas.com.com/read/2018/11/27/09093061/perkembangan-pulau-reklamasi-di-tangan-gubernur-anies?page=all
Mahdi, Imam. (2017) ReklamasiTeluk Jakarta: SebuahPrespektifKekuasaanDalamEkonomiPolitik. JurnalTransformasi Global 4 (1), 38-45. https://transformasiglobal.ub.ac.id/index.php/trans/article/view/66/56
Marsh, David. (1998). The Development Of The Policy Network Approach. In David Marsh (Eds.), Comparing Policy Network, (pp. 3-20) Open University Press.
Marsh, David. (1998). The Utility and Future of Policy Network Analysis. In David Marsh (Eds.), Comparing Policy Network, (pp. 185-198) Open University Press.
Marsh, David & Rhodes, R. A. W. (1992). Policy Communities and Issue Networks. In David Marsh and R.A. W. Rhodes (Eds.), Policy Networks in British Government, (pp. 249-268) Clarendon Press.
Marsh, David & Smith, Martin J. (2000). Understanding Policy Networks: towards a Dialectical Approach. Political Studies, 48 (1), 4-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00247
Marsh, David & Smith, Martin J. (2001). There Is More Than One Way To Do Political Science: On Different Ways To Study Policy Networks. Political studies, 49 (3), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9248.00325
Metrotvnews. (2018, February 21). MenkoLuhut: ReklamasiKini Ada di TanganPemprov DKI. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-uM3_Pr73Y
Metrotvenew. (2017, April 12). Ahok Vs AniesDebatSoalReklamasi [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOtUIoV-FDU
Mutia, ElokFaiqotul&Asteria, Donna. (2008). Jakarta Bay Reclamation Policy: An Analysis of Political Ecology. E3S Web of Conferences 52 (00014), 1-8.https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200014
Mutia, ElokFaiqotul, Herdiansyah, Herdis&Haryanto, Joko Tri. (2019). Conflict of Jakarta Bay Reclamation: Government Knowledge and Respond. Journal of Physics: Conference Series (1363), 1-6. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1363/1/012099
Peterson, J. (2003). Policy Networks. ReihePolitikwissenschaft/ Political Science Series 90, 1-29. https://www.ihs.ac.at/publications/pol/pw_90.pdf
Pradewo, Bintang. (2018, September 26). Akhirnya, AniesResmiHentikanPengerjaanReklamasi 13 Pulau. Jawa Pos. https://www.jawapos.com/jpg-today/26/09/2018/akhirnya-anies-resmi-hentikan-pengerjaan-reklamasi-13-pulau/
Pratiwi, Priska Sari. (2017, October 18). MenagihJanjiAnies-Sandi HentikanReklamasiTeluk Jakarta. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20171018085120-20-249171/menagih-janji-anies-sandi-hentikan-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta
PT. Kapuk Naga Indah. (2012). AnalisisDampakLingkungan (ANDAL) ReklamasiPantaiKapuk Naga Indah. Jakarta. https://lingkunganhidup.jakarta.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ANDAL%20PULAU%20CDE.pdf
Putera, AndriDonnal. (2017, October 10). JanjiAnies-Sandi HentikanReklamasidanPerkembanganTerkini. Kompas.com. https://megapolitan.kompas.com.com/read/2017/10/10/15281411/janji-anies-sandi-hentikan-reklamasi-dan-perkembangan-terkini?page=all
Rahmawati, Restu&Firman. (2019). ReklamasiTeluk Jakarta DitinjaudariPerspektifEkofeminisme. ARISTO 7 (1), 46-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ars.v7i1.1303
Ramadhan, A., Firdaus, M., Wijaya, R. A., &Muliawan, I. (2016). EstimasiKerugianNelayandanPembudidayaIkanAkibatReklamasi di Teluk Jakarta. JurnalSosialEkonomiKelautandanPerikanan 11(1), 1-11.
Redaksi. (2017, December 8). SoalReklamasi, NelayanTerusLakukan ‘Perlawanan’ kePemprov DKI. Edunews. http://www.edunews.id/news/soal-reklamasi-nelayan-terus-lakukan-perlawanan-ke-pemprov-dki
Rhodes, R.A.W. (1997). Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Open University Press.
Rhodes, R.A.W. (2007). Understanding Governance: Ten Years On. Organization Studies 28 (8), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0170840607076586
Richardson, Jeremy. (2000). Government, Interest Groups and Policy Change. Political Studies 48 (5), 1006-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00292
Rudianto, AndiGustiTantu. (2014). An analysis of coastal land conflict in the North of Jakarta coastal area: A general algebraic modelling system approach. Journal of Coastal Conservation 18 (1), 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-013-0298-4
Salim, Wilmar, Bettinger, Keith, & Micah Fisher. (2019). Maladaptation on the Waterfront: Jakarta’s Growth Coalition and the Great Garuda. Environment and Urbanization ASIA 10 (1), 63-80. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0975425318821809
Sari, Nursita. (2018, September 26). Gubernur DKI HentikanProyekReklamasi, Izin 13 PulauDicabut. Kompas.com. https://megapolitan.kompas.com.com/read/2018/09/26/17081541/gubernur-dki-hentikan-proyek-reklamasi-izin-13-pulau-dicabut
Setiaji, Hidayat. (2019, June 17). JejakSuramReklamasi Jakarta: Dari PolitikSampaiKasusSuap. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20190617122502-4-78733/jejak-suram-reklamasi-jakarta-dari-politik-sampai-kasus-suap
Simbolon, Christian Dior. (2016, April 25). SK Moratorium ReklamasiTeluk Jakarta HakGubernur DKI. Media Indonesia. https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/42198-sk-moratorium-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta-hak-gubernur-dki
Skogstad, Grace. (2005, June 2). Policy Networks and Policy Communities: Conceptual Evolution and Governing Realities. (First Draf, Workshop on “Canada’s Contribution to Comparative Theorizing”). Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association University of Western Ontario, Ontario. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228811682
Supartono, J. Haluan, M.F.A. Sondita&Manuwoto. (2015). Jakarta North Coast Development Impact on Fishery Activities. Asian Journal of Scientific Research, 9 (1), 14-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajsr.2016.13.23
Tim. (2018, September 30). Menteri LHK AkuiSudah Bahas ReklamasidenganAnies. CNN Indonesia. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180930181655-20-334469/menteri-lhk-akui-sudah-bahas-reklamasi-dengan-anies
Utomo, Citra Pulandi. (2017, November 13). ReklamasiTeluk Jakarta, AncamanatauRestorasiLingkungan? Kumparan. https://kumparan.com/citra-pulandi-utomo/reklamasi-teluk-jakarta-ancaman-atau-restorasi-lingkungan-1510561112007
Velarosdela, RindiNuris. (2018, December 17). PerjalananPanjangReklamasiTeluk Jakarta, dariSoehartohinggaAnies. Kompas.com. https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/12/17/12524161/perjalanan-panjang-reklamasi-teluk-jakarta-dari-soeharto-hingga-anies?page=all
Y Adharani et al. (2019). Jakarta Bay Reclamation: The Challenge between Policy, Environmental and Social Impacts. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 306: 1-8. 10.1088/1755-1315/306/1/012025
Yi, H., &Scholz, J. T. (2016). Policy Networks in Complex Governance Subsystems: Observing and Comparing Hyperlink, Media, and Partnership Networks. Policy Studies Journal, 44 (3), 248-279.
Yin, Robert K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods, (6th Ed.). Sage.
Yin, Robert K. (2011). Qualitative research from Start to finish. The Guilford Press.
Yin, Robert K. (2009). How to Do Better Case Studies (With Illustrations from 20 Exemplary Case Studies). In Leonard Bickman and Debra J. Rog (eds.), The SAGE handbook of applied social research methods, (pp. 254-282) SAGE Publications.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jgcs.v5i2.4132
Article Metrics
Abstract - 1597 PDF - 1007Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Government and Civil Society
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Government and Civil Society is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .