Raining on Rainbows: A Comparative Study Of LGBT Anti-Discrimination Ordinances Between the Local Governments of Marikina, Manila, and Mandaluyong in the Philippines
Abstract
The study is drawn from the challenges and experiences of the LGBT individuals in the country experiencing discrimination and harassment due to marginalization which remained to create barriers to equality for LGBT people. The passing of Anti-Discrimination Ordinances in selected cities in Metro Manila is a triumph for many LGBT groups. The study shed light on comparison of Anti-Discrimination Ordinances and the existing LGBT ordinances between the selected local governments of Metro Manila in terms of its implementation and effects. It identified which among the local government units (LGUS) initiatives suits to be the best that may serve as model for other local governments in their future legislation of their own Anti-Discrimination Ordinance. The study utilized the Principal-Agent Theory to contextualize a situation in which local governments are involved. A qualitative comparative analysis that used key informant interviews and surveys is utilized in the study. Results presented that despite having the same composition and provisions when it comes to its enactment, Marikina, Manila, and Mandaluyong differ in ways and use of systems in terms of enforcement. Thus, the three LGUs may further establish mechanisms to monitor complaints of gender-based violence and provide guidelines in handling LGBT victims and may incorporate awareness-raising campaigns.
Studi ini diambil dari tantangan dan pengalaman individu LGBT di negara tersebut yang mengalami diskriminasi dan pelecehan karena marginalisasi yang tetap menciptakan hambatan kesetaraan bagi orang-orang LGBT. Pengesahan Undang-Undang Anti-Diskriminasi di kota-kota terpilih di Metro Manila adalah kemenangan bagi banyak kelompok LGBT. Studi ini menjelaskan perbandingan Undang-Undang Anti-Diskriminasi dan peraturan LGBT yang ada antara pemerintah daerah Metro Manila yang dipilih dalam hal implementasi dan efeknya. Ini mengidentifikasi inisiatif mana di antara unit pemerintah daerah (LGUS) yang cocok untuk menjadi yang terbaik yang dapat berfungsi sebagai model bagi pemerintah daerah lainnya dalam undang-undang masa depan mereka tentang Undang-Undang Anti-Diskriminasi mereka sendiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Principal-Agent untuk mengontekstualisasikan situasi di mana pemerintah daerah terlibat. Analisis komparatif kualitatif yang menggunakan wawancara dan survei informan kunci digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Results mempresentasikan bahwa meskipun memiliki komposisi dan ketentuan yang sama dalam hal pemberlakuannya, Marikina, Manila, dan Mandaluyong berbeda dalam cara dan penggunaan sistem dalam hal penegakan hukum. Dengan demikian, ketiga LGUS tersebut selanjutnya dapat membangun mekanisme untuk memantau pengaduan kekerasan berbasis gender dan memberikan panduan dalam menangani korban LGBT dan dapat menggabungkan kampanye peningkatan kesadaran.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Acosta, Z. (2019, July 1). Homophobes, stay away from Marikina. NOLISOLI. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://nolisoli.ph/64348/homophobes-stay-away-from-marikina/
Aksnes, D., Langfeldt, L., &Wouters, P. (2019). Citations, citation indicators, and Research Quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories. SAGE Open, 9(1), 1–17.
Barrow, A. (2020). Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Equality in Hong Kong: Rights, Resistance, and Possibilities for Reform. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 15(1), 126-155.
Bilon, X. J. & De Leon, C. (2018, June 25). With no national law, can we rely on local ordinances to protect LGBTQs against discrimination? CNN Philippines. Retrieved from https://cnnphilippines.com/
Bovens, L., &Marcoci, A. (2020). The gender-neutral bathroom: a new frame and some nudges. Behavioural Public Policy, 1–24.
Cornelio, J., &Dagle, R. (2019). Weaponizing Religious Freedom: Same-sex marriage and gender equality in the Philippines. Religion & Human Rights, 14(2), 65–94.
Dela Cruz, M. (2018, July 3). Mandaluyong City passes LGBT anti-discrimination ordinance. Outrage Magazine. Retrieved November 3, 2021, from https://outragemag.com/mandaluyong-city-passes-lgbt-anti discrimination ordinance/
Hallare, K. (2019, June 30). Marikina mayor signs anti-discrimination ordinance. INQUIRER.net. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1135560/marikina-mayor- signs-anti-discrimination-ordinance
Javier, K.G., Macaranas, N., Manalo, J.J. (2020). Towards a Sustainable City and Community: Examining the practices of Marikina City, Philippines, Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 8, No. 3
Jocson, E. U., &Adihartono, W. (2020). A comparative analysis of the status of homosexual men in Indonesia and the Philippines. Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, 4(1), 271–305.
Lobell, K. O. (2021, April 12). The Benefits of Offering Gender Neutral Bathrooms in the Workplace. SHRM. https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/legal-and compliance/employment-law/pages/gender-neutral-bathrooms-in-the workplace.aspx.
Mallory, C., & Sears, B. (2015). Discrimination against State and Local Government LGBT Employees: An Analysis of Administrative Complaints. Harvard Kennedy School-LGBTQ Policy Journal. https://lgbtq.hkspublications.org/wp content/uploads/sites/20/2015/01/ARTICLE_MALLORY.pdf
Masilungan, J. M. A., &Golfo-Barcelona, M. G. (2020, March 23). An initial study on the importance of archiving to queer Filipinos. IDEALS at Illinois. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/106551.
Meyer, I. H. (2016). The Elusive Promise of LGBT Equality. American Journal of Public Health, 106(8), 1356–1358.
Redfern, C. (2021, January 7). 'I'm scared every damn day': In the Philippines, violence shadows trans lives. The Fuller Project. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://fullerproject.org/story/im-scared-every-damn-day-in-the-philippines violence-shadows-trans-lives/
Santos, H. (2019, June 25). Teodoro, LGBTQ groups light up Marikina Cityhood Park. Metro News Central. Retrieved April 5, 2022, from https://metronewscentral.net/marikina/events/featured-lgu/teodoro-lgbtq groups-light-up-marikina-cityhood-park
Twinomurinzi, H., &Ghartey-Tagoe, K. (2011). Corruption in African Democratic Developing Countries and ICT: Apathy, Anxiety and Patriotism. Research Gate, 1-22.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jgcs.v7i1.6642
Article Metrics
Abstract - 1411 PDF - 1484Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Government and Civil Society
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Government and Civil Society is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .