The Responses of Healthcare Professionals and the Media to the Emergency Mobile Restriction Policies on Social Media

Gustaf Wijaya; Fakhri Zakaria; Rachmah Ida

doi:10.31000/nyimak.v6i2.5854

The Responses of Healthcare Professionals and the Media to the Emergency Mobile Restriction Policies on Social Media

Gustaf Wijaya, Fakhri Zakaria, Rachmah Ida

Abstract

Health workers play a vital role during the COVID-19 pandemic, not only in the health facilities but also as a reference in the media. This role arises from the health workers’ accounts on social media amplified by the mass media and public discourse. This study aims to examine the narratives of doctors’ accounts on social media, responding to the emergency period of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This study maps and analyzes the narratives of the 10 (ten) doctors’ Twitter accounts in Indonesia during the Emergency Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) period from 3 July - 23 August 2021 through qualitative content analysis methods. The spread of the Delta variant virus and a significant increase in active cases, death, and bed occupancy rates were recorded during this period. The study shows that each doctor has a different narrative, with the main issues: vaccination, health protocols, health facilities, case data, and government policies related to the pandemic. Some doctors’ narratives are also a form of public pressure on government policies. This study also notes the phenomenon of “twitting to the press” by the mass media because of social restriction.

Keywords: Healthcare professional, Twitter, mobility restriction, Covid-19, Indonesia

ABSTRAK

Tenaga kesehatan memiliki peran penting selama masa pandemi COVID-19. Tak hanya menjadi garda depan dalam memutus mata rantai penyebaran virus, namun juga menjadi rujukan informasi bagi masyarakat melalui kemunculannya di media. Peran ini muncul dari keaktifan tenaga medis di media sosial yang diamplifikasi oleh media massa dan kemudian menjadi wacana publik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat narasi para dokter di sosial media, menyikapi masa darurat pandemic Covid-19 di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memetakan dan menganalisis narasi 10 akun Twitter dokter terpopuler di Indonesia selama periode Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) Darurat dari 3 Juli - 23 Agustus 2021 melalui metode analisis isi kualitatif. Periode ini ditandai persebaran virus varian Delta dan kenaikan signifikan jumlah kasus aktif, angka kematian, dan tingkat keterisian tenpat tidur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan setiap dokter memiliki narasi yang berbeda dalam merespons kebijakan penanganan COVID-19 di media sosial, dengan isu utama meliputi vaksinasi, penerapan protokol kesehatan, fasilitas kesehatan, data kasus, serta pejabat dan kebijakan pemerintah terkait pandemi. Narasi para dokter juga menjadi bentuk tekanan publik kepada kebijakan pemerintah pemerintah. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mencatat adanya fenomena penerapan twitting to the press oleh media massa sebagai imbas penerapan kebijakan pembatasan sosial.

Kata Kunci: Tenaga kesehatan, Twitter, pembatasan mobilitas, Covid-19, Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdul Muqsith, M. (2020). Tantangan Baru Jurnalisme Dalam Pandemi Covid-19. Adalah/ : Buletin Hukum Dan Keadilan, 4(1), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.15408/adalah.v4i1.17273

Anggoro Saputro, A., Dwi Saputra, Y., & Budi Prasetyo, G. (2020). Analisis Dampak Covid-19 Terhadap Kesadaran Masyarakat Dalam Penerapan Protokol Kesehatan. Jurnal Porkes, 3(2), 81-92. https://doi.org/10.29408/porkes.v3i2.2865

Ariawan, I., & Jusril, H. (2020). COVID-19 in Indonesia: Where Are We? Acta Medica Indonesiana, 52(3), 193-195.

Carlo, A. D., Barnett, B. S., Essien, U. R., & Galea, S. (2021). Redefining Medicine's Relationship With the Media in the Era of COVID-19. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 60(1), 142-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.016

CSIS. (2021). Laporan Survei Persepsi, Efektivitas, dan Kepatuhan Masyarakat dalam Peneraparan Protokol Kesehatan COVID-19, 13-18 Januari 2021. Centre for Strategic and International Studies. https://on.csis.or.id/surveicovid19

Desai, A., Nouvellet, P., Bhatia, S., Cori, A., & Lassmann, B. (2021). Data journalism and the COVID-19 pandemic: opportunities and challenges. The Lancet. Digital Health, 3(10), e619-e621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00178-3

Desai, B. (2021). Social Media, Misinformation and Covid-19. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(2), 1941-1954. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1778

Dyer, O. (2021). Covid-19: Indonesia becomes Asia's new pandemic epicentre as delta variant spreads. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 374(July), n1815. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1815

Eriyanto. (2011). Analisis Isi (1st ed.). Kencana.

Falcone, R., Colì, E., Felletti, S., Sapienza, A., Castelfranchi, C., & Paglieri, F. (2020). All We Need Is Trust: How the COVID-19 Outbreak Reconfigured Trust in Italian Public Institutions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 561747. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561747

Gamalliel, N., Saminarsih, D., & Taher, A. (2021). Indonesia's second wave crisis: medical doctors' political role is needed more than ever. The Lancet, 398(10303), 839-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01807-9

García-Avilés, J. A. (2021). Journalism as Usual? Managing Disruption in Virtual Newsrooms during the COVID-19 Crisis. Digital Journalism, 0(0), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1942112

Graham, G., & Smart, A. (2010). The regional-newspaper industry supply chain and the internet. Supply Chain Management, 15(3), 196-206. https://doi.org/10.1108/13598541011039956

Hatcher, W. (2020). A Failure of Political Communication Not a Failure of Bureaucracy: The Danger of Presidential Misinformation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. American Review of Public Administration, 50(6-7), 614-620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020941734

Hermida, A. (2013). #Journalism: Reconfiguring journalism research about twitter, one tweet at a time. Digital Journalism, 1(3), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.808456

Holtz-Bacha, Christina , Just Marion, D. R. (2017). Twitter and Elections Around The World (M. Davis, Richard Holtz-Bacha, Christina Just, Ed.; 1st ed.). Routledge.

Ida, R. (2014). Metode Penelitian Studi Media dan Kajian Budaya. Prenada Media.

Johnson, S. B., & Butcher, F. (2021). Doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic: what are their duties and what is owed to them? Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(1), 12-15. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106266

Jurkowitz, Mark; Mitchell, A. (2020). American who primarily get news through social media are least likely to follow COVID-19 coverage, most likely to report seeing made-up news. Pew Research Center.

Katz, M., & Nandi, N. (2021a). Social Media and Medical Education in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review. JMIR Medical Education, 7(2), e25892-e25892. https://doi.org/10.2196/25892

Katz, M., & Nandi, N. (2021b). Social media and medical education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Scoping review. In JMIR Medical Education (Vol. 7, Issue 2). JMIR Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.2196/25892

Kemp, S. (2021). Digital 2021: Singapore. 1-102. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-singapore

Krippendorf, K. (2013). Content Analysis 3rd Edition (3rd ed., Vol. 3). SAGE.

Lavazza, A., & Farina, M. (2020). The Role of Experts in the Covid-19 Pandemic and the Limits of Their Epistemic Authority in Democracy. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00356

Law, R. W. M., Kanagasingam, S., & Choong, K. A. (2021). Sensationalist social media usage by doctors and dentists during Covid-19. DIGITAL HEALTH, 7, 205520762110280. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076211028034

Liu, P. L. (2020). COVID-19 Information Seeking on Digital Media and Preventive Behaviors: The Mediation Role of Worry. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(10), 677-682. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0250

Mietzner, M. (2020). Populist Anti-Scientism, Religious Polarisation, and Institutionalised Corruption: How Indonesia's Democratic Decline Shaped Its COVID-19 Response. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 39(2), 227-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103420935561

Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. C. N.-H. . M. 2014. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: a methods sourcebook (Third edit). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Nasrullah, R. (2015). Media Sosial. Simbiosa Rekatama Media.

Neely, S., Eldredge, C., & Sanders, R. (2021). Health Information Seeking Behaviors on Social Media During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among American Social Networking Site Users: Survey Study. J Med Internet Res, 23(6), e29802. https://doi.org/10.2196/29802

Novi Afrianti, C. R. (2021). Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kepatuhan Masyarakat Terhadap Protokol Kesehatan Covid-19. Jurnal Ilmiah STIKES Kendal, 11(1), 113-124.

Patel, M. P., Kute, V. B., Agarwal, S. K., & Nephrology, C.-19 W. G. of I. S. of. (2020). "Infodemic" COVID 19: More Pandemic than the Virus. Indian Journal of Nephrology, 30(3), 188-191. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijn.IJN_216_20

Perreault, M. F., & Perreault, G. P. (2021). Journalists on COVID-19 Journalism: Communication Ecology of Pandemic Reporting. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(7), 976-991. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221992813

Prawiroharjo, P., & Libritany, N. (2017). Tinjauan Etika Penggunaan Media Sosial oleh Dokter. Jurnal Etika Kedokteran Indonesia, 1(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.26880/jeki.v1i1.7

Putri, L. D. A. (2021). Efektivitas Penerapan Sanksi Pelanggaran Protokol Kesehatan Covid-19 (Corona Virus Disease-19) Di Indonesia. MAGISTRA Law Review, Studi Hukum, Fakultas Hukum, 2(2020), 217-220.

Rosenberg, H., Syed, S., & Rezaie, S. (2020). The Twitter pandemic: The critical role of Twitter in the dissemination of medical information and misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. CJEM, 22(4), 418-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.361

Rudianto et. al. (2020). Krisis Komunikasi dalam Pandemi Covid-19 (F. Junaedi, Ed.). Buku Litera.

Rumiati, A. T., Prastyo, D. D., B. Harmadi, S. H., Selgi Harwanti, N. A., & Almas, R. Z. (2021). Analysis of changes in public behavior regarding 3M health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 10(5), 157-172. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i5.1304

Sari, D. P., Rahayu, A., Mukti, A. W., & Suwarso, L. M. I. (2021). SOSIALISASI KEPATUHAN PROTOKOL KESEHATAN SEBAGAI UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN COVID-19. 5(3), 828-835.

Sari, R. K. (2021). Identifikasi Penyebab Ketidakpatuhan Warga Terhadap Penerapan Protokol Kesehatan 3M Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal AKRAB JUARA, 6(1), 84-94.

Satyakti, Y. (2020). Do Human Restriction Mobility Policy in Indonesia Effectively Reduce the Spread of COVID-19. SSRN Electronic Journal, July.

Saud, M., Mashud, M., & Ida, R. (2020). Usage of social media during the pandemic: Seeking support and awareness about COVID-19 through social media platforms. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2417

Sirait, F. E. T., & Sanjaya, R. (2021). Case Study in Covid-19 Infodemic in Indonesia. Nyimak Journal of Communication, 5(1), 1-14. http://jurnal.umt.ac.id/index.php/nyimak

Smailhodzic, E., Hooijsma, W., Boonstra, A., & Langley, D. J. (2016). Social media use in healthcare: A systematic review of effects on patients and on their relationship with healthcare professionals. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 442. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1691-0

Soroya, S. H., Farooq, A., Mahmood, K., Isoaho, J., & Zara, S. (2021). From information seeking to information avoidance: Understanding the health information behavior during a global health crisis. Information Processing & Management, 58(2), 102440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102440

Susilo, D., Putranto, T. D., & Navarro, C. J. S. (2021). Performance of Indonesian Ministry of Health in Overcoming Hoax About Vaccination Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Media. Nyimak Journal of Communication, 5(1), 151-166. http://jurnal.umt.ac.id/index.php/nyimak

The Lancet Infectious Diseases. (2020). The COVID-19 infodemic. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(8), 875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30565-X

Tsao, S.-F., Chen, H., Tisseverasinghe, T., Yang, Y., Li, L., & Butt, Z. A. (2021). What social media told us in the time of COVID-19: a scoping review. The Lancet Digital Health, 3(3), e175-e194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30315-0

Vraga, E. K., Tully, M., & Bode, L. (2020). Empowering users to respond to misinformation about covid-19. Media and Communication, 8(2), 475-479. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.3200

Wahyuni, H. I., & Ambardi, K. (2020). Problem Infodemic dalam merespon Pandemi Covid-19. Policy Brief, 2201, 14. https://fisipol.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/1056/2020/04/Policy-Brief-Problem-Infodemic-dalam-Merespon-Pandemi-COVID-19.pdf

Wallace, R. (2020). Dead Epidemiologist (1st ed.). Monthly Review Press.

We Are Social. (2021). Digital Report 2021/ : Indonesia. In Global Digital Insights.

Wijaya, G. (2022). AKTIVISME DIGITAL TENAGA KESEHATAN DI MASA PANDEMI: ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS AKUN INSTAGRAM @PANDEMICTALKS. Airlangga University.

Wijaya, G., & Ida, R. (2021). Criticism in Covid-19 Responses at Volunteer Account Pandemictalks (Norman Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis Model). The Journal of Society & Media, 5(148), 409-437. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v5n2.p409-437

Zarocostas, J. (2020). How to fight an infodemic. Lancet (London, England), 395(10225), 676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X

Rivas, Z., Diana, R., Lopez, J., Marinalda, L., Nina, C., Blanca, P. E., Luisa, F., Alanes, F., Angela, M. C., Aguilar, T., & Juan, P. (2021). Social media exposure, risk perception, preventive behaviors and attitudes during the COVID-19 epidemic in La Paz, Bolivia: A cross sectional study. PLOS ONE, 16(1), e0245859. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245859

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/nyimak.v6i2.5854