ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AND COST IN SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING: TWO MODERATING MECHANISMS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31000/qhq9d697Abstract
This study examines the effects of environmental performance and environmental cost on sustainability reporting and investigates whether stakeholder pressure and independent commissioners strengthen these relationships. A quantitative research design is employed using 64 firm-year observations from 16 publicly listed Indonesian companies during 2021–2024. Secondary data are analyzed using panel-data regression with interaction terms to examine the proposed moderating effects. The results show that environmental performance and environmental cost positively affect sustainability reporting. Independent commissioners also have a positive direct effect on sustainability reporting. Furthermore, stakeholder pressure strengthens the positive relationships between environmental performance and sustainability reporting and between environmental cost and sustainability reporting. Independent commissioners similarly strengthen both relationships. The regression model is statistically significant, with an R-squared of 0.725 and an adjusted R-squared of 0.701. The findings indicate that environmental practices are more strongly translated into sustainability reporting when firms face greater stakeholder pressure and possess stronger independent oversight. The study contributes to legitimacy and stakeholder perspectives by integrating external stakeholder pressure and internal governance mechanisms within a dual-moderation framework.
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