An Erratum is a statement by the authors of the original paper that briefly describes any correction(s) resulting from errors or omissions. Any effects on the conclusions of the paper should be noted clearly.

The corrected article is not removed from the online journal, but a notice of erratum is provided. The Erratum is made freely accessible to all readers and is bidirectionally linked to the original corrected article.

A Retraction is a formal notice that the paper should not be regarded as part of the scientific literature. Retractions are issued if:

• There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable (as a result of misconduct or honest error).
• The findings have previously been published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing, permission, or justification (redundant publication).
• The work constitutes plagiarism.
• The work reports unethical research practices.

To protect the integrity of the scholarly record, the retracted article is not removed from the online journal; instead, a notice of retraction is published, made freely available, and linked directly to the retracted article. Retractions can be initiated by the authors upon identifying substantial scientific errors, or by the Editors/Publisher when appropriate. Bibliographic metadata will remain archived. Only in rare legal circumstances may the Publisher redact or remove content entirely.

A Publisher's Note notifies readers that an article has been corrected subsequent to publication due to typographical, typesetting, or production errors (arising from publisher operations) that compromise metadata (e.g., title, author names, or affiliations) or hinder reader comprehension. In eligible cases, the original article file is replaced with an updated version.