Authors must disclose all financial, commercial, institutional, or personal relationships that could be perceived as biasing their research, analysis, or interpretation. This includes grant support, consultancy roles, or employment ties relevant to the submitted study on public governance and civil society.

Reviewers must decline evaluation assignments if they have prior personal or professional connections with the authors, institutional affiliations with the contributing university/agency, or direct competitive research interests that compromise objective, double-blind peer review.

Editors must recuse themselves entirely from handling manuscripts authored by colleagues, current institutional affiliates at Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang, or close personal associates. Such submissions are independently managed by alternative editorial board members to ensure strict impartiality.